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o─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────o
│────────── FREELIB: The FREE Assembly Language Library ──────────│
│────────────────────────── Version 2.0 ──────────────────────────│
│───────────── Copyright (C) July 1996 Tenie Remmel ──────────────│
o─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────o
1. Introduction ................................ Line 34
2. Terms of use/Legal disclaimer ............... Line 53
3. Processors, calling conventions ............. Line 74
4. Re-assembling ............................... Line 140
5. Program Syntax .............................. Line 169
6. Procedure Reference ......................... Line 242
Initialization and Exit .................... Line 244
File Access ................................ Line 268
Directory and Disk ......................... Line 414
Bit-File Access ............................ Line 482
Memory Management .......................... Line 593
String Input/Output ........................ Line 658
Formatted Output ........................... Line 738
Alphanumeric Conversion .................... Line 830
Long/Fixed-Point Arithmetic ................ Line 922
Trigonometry ............................... Line 1067
String Manipulation ........................ Line 1138
Memory-Block Manipulation .................. Line 1255
Searches and Sorts ......................... Line 1307
Miscellaneous .............................. Line 1417
High-Res Text Mode ......................... Line 1563
VGA Graphics ............................... Line 1980
7. List of contributors ........................ Line 2173
8. History of changes .......................... Line 2188
9. Future additions, bug reporting ............. Line 2257
10. Example programs ........................... Line 2291
1. Introduction.
FREELIB is a library of 171 procedures that may be useful for
programming in assembly language. As the name implies, this
is public domain, completely free for all non-commercial use.
If you find this library useful, you are strongly encouraged
to contribute some of your own routines for possible addition
to FREELIB. Full source code is included, so if you find any
bugs (!) and wish to make changes to any of the routines, you
can. However, if you do make any improvements, please notify
the author, so that FREELIB can continue to be expanded and
improved. If you modify any part of this library, you may not
distribute it, for free or not, without prior permission from
the author (see below).
Be sure to read the sections 2, 3 and 5 carefully, including
the miscellaneous notes in section 3.
2. Terms of use/Legal disclaimer.
This software is hereby released into the public domain, and
may therefore be freely copied and distributed within the
following restrictions:
1). It is distributed in its original, unmodified form,
including all source code and documentation.
2). No fee is charged for use, copying or distribution.
3). The program may not be included with other goods or
services supplied for a fee, unless specific written
permission to do so is obtained in advance from the
author. (E-mail: tjr19@mail.nwlink.com)
This program is provided AS-IS without any warranty, express
or implied, including but not limited to warranty of fitness
for a particular purpose.
3. Processors, calling conventions, string type, etc.
FREELIB is programmed in 80186 assembly language. This is to
ensure compatibility with as many computers as possible, but
not sacrificing very much speed. For many of the procedures,
an 80386 version is supplied. The modules 386LIB1-2 are the
80386 versions of FREELIB1-2, and the 386LIB.LIB file is the
library file for the 80386.
FREELIB uses the Pascal calling convention. The parameters
are pushed on the stack in order, and the calling procedure
does not have to worry about stack cleanup. This seems to be
the fastest method, and it also helps in debugging... if the
wrong number of arguments are pushed to call a procedure, the
program will crash, which is much more obvious than the weird
results produced with the 'C' convention, etc.
Notice that in the source code, the syntax is given by a 'C'
style prototype. Why a 'C' prototype? Well, Pascal does not
have prototypes, and the 'C' prototype is useful to concisely
show the syntax of a procedure on one line.
Misc. Notes:
Many of the routines assume DS = CS, so make sure that this
is the case. The program is intended to be a .COM file, but
.EXE files are OK as long as the DS = CS restriction is met.
Do not use uninitialized data, it will interfere with memory
management. Use dynamically allocated memory instead.
The fixed-point numbers are 16:16, and signed. The strings
are ASCIIZ (null-terminated) strings, like in C. The long
integers can be either signed or unsigned, depending on which
multiply, divide and shift you use.
When clock timings are given, they will always include the
call/return, and exclude the argument pushes.
Even though some procedures require a character argument, a
word-sized value must still be pushed: it is not possible to
push a byte value.
The files TEXT???.INC are not to be included in your programs
as they are internally used by the HighRes Text Mode routines
in FREELIB3.ASX.
The colorset in High-Res Text Mode is different, see below.
The graphics mode 320x400x256 is a ModeX. The author of the
graphics procedures described it as 'dechain mode'. I assume
that by this she meant that Chain-4 is off in this mode.
Colorset in High-Res Text Mode:
0 = Black 8 = Dark Gray
1 = Dark Green 9 = Red
2 = Green 10 = Orange
3 = Light Green 11 = Yellow
4 = True Blue 12 = Sky Blue
5 = Dark Purple 13 = Dark Blue
6 = Magenta 14 = Cyan
7 = Light Gray 15 = White
4. Re-assembling FREELIB.
A batch file (REDO.BAT) is provided for this purpose. These
source files are .ASX files (ASsembly eXtended) which contain
multiple modules. A utility (SPLIT.EXE) is included to split
the .ASX files. SPLIT.C is the 'C' source to SPLIT.EXE. The
batch file takes care of splitting the files. However, if you
wish to add a new .ASX file (in addition to FREELIB1-3), you
must modify the batch file, otherwise it will be ignored.
If you wish to compile the 80386 version, 386LIB, you must
use the REDO3.BAT batch file, and use the '386LIB*.*' files
instead of the 'FREELIB*.*' files (except FREELIB3.ASX).
SPLIT outputs TLIB command file codes. SPLIT takes zero or
one arguments. When run with no arguments, it produces codes
that end the command file. When run with an argument (what
it is doesn't matter) it produces codes that continue to the
next file.
In the .ASX files, a line starting with three tildes (~) that
are followed by a file name without extension will denote the
beginning of a new module. Either make sure that all of the
module names start with 'C_' or modify the REDO.BAT file. If
you put any .ASM files with names starting with 'C_' in the
FREELIB directory, be warned: they will be deleted along with
the temporary .ASM files created by SPLIT.
5. Program syntax for use with FREELIB.
Your program should do a near call, or jump, to the 'startup'
procedure at the beginning. The main body of the program must
be in the procedure 'main', which must be declared public.
On entry to main, the number of arguments is in CX and a list
of near pointers to the arguments is at offset DI. DS and ES
both equal CS. AX, BX, DX, SI, and BP are undefined.
You must declare as external all procedures that you intend
to use. One way to simplify this is with a macro:
;──────────────────────────────────────
Macro lcall p,a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h ;; library call
ifnb a
push a ;; if args, push first arg
lcall p,b,c,d,e,f,g,h ;; and recurse . . .
else
extrn p:near ;; declare procedure
call p ;; call procedure
endif
EndM
;──────────────────────────────────────
and then you would replace 'call' with 'lcall' when calling
library procedures. However, to use the arguments feature
of this macro, if an offset of a variable is used it must be
specified as 'offset(var)' instead of 'offset var', otherwise
the macro thinks it is two arguments.
This is a skeleton program:
;──────────────────────────────────────
Ideal ; ideal mode
Public main ; declare main as public
Extrn startup:near ; declare startup procedure
Macro lcall p,a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h ;; library call
ifnb a
push a ;; if args, push first arg
lcall p,b,c,d,e,f,g,h ;; and recurse . . .
else
extrn p:near ;; declare procedure
call p ;; call procedure
endif
EndM
Model Tiny ; tiny model
CodeSeg ; code segment
Org 100h ; .COM file start
Start: jmp startup ; start up program
Proc main ; main procedure
ret ; return
EndP main
End Start ; entry at 'Start'
;──────────────────────────────────────
6. Reference: Syntax and description of all FREELIB procedures.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
──────────── Initialization and Exit Procedures ─────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── startup Start program
jmp startup
This procedure must be jumped to at the beginning of
your program. (See Section 5.)
This procedure calls 'main'. It also does internal
initialization, and sets null Ctrl-C and divide-error
handlers.
────────── exit Exit program
push retcode
call exit
This procedure exits your program with a return code.
If exit is not used, the return code is the value of
AX on return from main.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────────────────── File Procedures ──────────────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── fopen Open file
push offset filename
push filemode
call fopen
; AX = handle
This procedure opens a buffered file. The handle is
returned in AX. This handle is NOT a DOS handle.
If it is used as such, the results are unpredictable.
The file modes are:
0 Open Read-Only (open if it exists, fail if not)
1 Open/Create (open if it exists, create if not)
2 Open Only (open if it exists, fail if not)
3 Create/Truncate (truncate if it exists, create if not)
4 Create Only (fail if it exists, create if not)
────────── fclose Close file
push handle
call fclose
This procedure closes a buffered file. If the handle
is invalid, nothing happens.
────────── fgetc Get char from file
push handle
call fgetc
; AX = char
This procedure gets a character from a buffered file.
If the end of file is reached or an error occurs, -1
is returned.
────────── fputc Put char to file
push handle
push char
call fputc
; AX = return code
This procedure puts a character to a buffered file.
If the end of file is reached or an error occurs, -1
is returned, otherwise the character is returned.
────────── fread Read block from file
push handle
push size
push offset buf
call fread
; AX = return code
This procedure reads a block from a buffered file. The
number of characters read is returned. If this is less
than the requested size, the end of file was reached or
an error occured.
────────── fwrite Write block to file
push handle
push size
push offset buf
call fwrite
; AX = return code
This procedure writes a block to a buffered file. The
number of characters written is returned. If this is
less than the requested size, an error occured.
────────── fseek Set file pointer
push handle
push pos_hi
push pos_lo
push mode
call fseek
; AX = return code
This procedure sets the position of the file pointer.
The position is a long integer. If an error occurs, 0
is returned, otherwise a nonzero value is returned.
The seek modes are:
0 Seek from beginning of file
1 Seek from current position
2 Seek from end of file
────────── ftell Get file pointer
push handle
call ftell
; DX:AX = file pointer
This procedure returns the position of the file pointer.
────────── fsetbuf Set file buffer size
push size
call fsetbuf
This procedure sets the file buffer size. It does not
affect currently open files. It only affects files that
are opened after this call. The default size is 512
bytes, but it may be set to from 128 to 32752 bytes.
If the size requested is greater than 32768, the high
bit is simply masked off, f.i. 33024 will produce 256.
────────── ftrunc Truncate file
push handle
call ftrunc
; AX = return code
This procedure truncates a buffered file at the current
position. If an error occurs, 0 is returned, otherwise
a nonzero value is returned.
────────── fdel Delete file
push offset filename
call fdel
; AX = return code
This procedure deletes a file. If an error occurs, 0 is
returned, otherwise a nonzero value is returned.
────────── fmove Move/Rename file
push offset oldname
push offset newname
call fmove
; AX = return code
This procedure moves and/or renames a file. If an error
occurs, 0 is returned, otherwise a nonzero value is
returned.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────────────── Directory and Disk Procedures ───────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── mkdir Create Directory
push offset dirname
call mkdir
; AX = return code
This procedure creates a directory. If an error occurs,
0 is returned, otherwise a nonzero value is returned.
────────── rmdir Remove Directory
push offset dirname
call rmdir
; AX = return code
This procedure deletes a directory. If an error occurs,
0 is returned, otherwise a nonzero value is returned.
────────── setdir Set Current Directory
push offset dirname
call setdir
; AX = return code
This procedure sets the current directory. If an error
occurs, 0 is returned, otherwise a nonzero value is
returned.
────────── getdir Get Current Directory
push offset buffer
call getdir
This procedure returns the current directory.
The full path is returned in 'buffer'.
────────── setdrive Set Current Drive
push dr_num
call setdrive
This procedure sets the current drive. The numbers are
the same as the DOS drive numbers. (0 = default, 1 = A,
2 = B, 3 = C, etc.)
────────── getdrive Get Current Drive
call getdrive
; AX = drive number
This procedure returns the current drive. The numbers
are the same as the DOS drive numbers. (0 = default,
1 = A, 2 = B, 3 = C, etc.)
────────── getdfree Get Free Disk Space
push dr_num
call getdfree
; DX:AX = amount of free space
This procedure returns the amount of free disk space
on a drive. The number returned is in bytes.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────────────── Bit-Oriented File Procedures ────────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── bfopen Open Bit-File
push offset filename
push filemode
call bfopen
; AX = handle
This procedure opens a bit-oriented file. The handle
is returned in AX. This handle is NOT a DOS handle, or
a standard FREELIB handle. If it is used as such, the
results are unpredictable.
Bit-oriented files are useful for many compression and
encryption methods, and simply to reduce space, say, by
writing 9 bits each for data that ranges from 0 to 500
instead of using a word (16 bits) to store it.
The file modes are:
0 Open Input Bit File (read-only)
1 Open Output Bit File (write-only)
────────── bfclose Close Bit-File
push handle
call bfclose
This procedure closes a bit-oriented file.
────────── getbit Get Bit from Bit-File
push handle
call getbit
; AX = bit (0 or 1)
This procedure returns the next bit from a bit-oriented
file in input mode. The bit is returned in AX. If the
file is in output mode, nothing happens, but the return
value is undefined.
────────── putbit Put Bit to Bit-File
push handle
push bit
call putbit
This procedure outputs a bit to a bit-oriented file in
output mode. The bit is considered a 0 if the number is
zero, otherwise it is considered a 1. If the file is in
input mode, nothing happens.
────────── getbits Get Bits from Bit-File
push handle
push count
call getbits
; AX = value
This procedure inputs a value of size 'count' bits from
a bit-oriented file. The value is returned in AX. If
the file is in output mode, nothing happens, but the
return value is undefined.
────────── putbits Put Bits to Bit-File
push handle
push value
push count
call putbits
This procedure outputs the low 'count' bits of 'value'
to a bit-oriented file. The bits are output in order
from MSB to LSB. If the file is in input mode, nothing
happens.
────────── getcode Get Code from Bit-File
push handle
push max
call getcode
; AX = value
This procedure inputs an optimal binary code for a value
less than 'max' from a bit-oriented file. The value is
returned in AX. If the file is in output mode, nothing
happens, but the return value is undefined. If 'max' is
specified as 0 or 1, the results will be unpredictable.
An optimal binary code saves a bit versus the standard
one for some values. It can be useful for saving space.
────────── putcode Put Code to Bit-File
push handle
push value
push max
call putcode
This procedure outputs the optimal binary code for a
value less than 'max' to a bit-oriented file. If the
file is in input mode, nothing happens. If 'max' is
specified as 0 or 1, the results will be unpredictable.
An optimal binary code saves a bit versus the standard
one for some values. It can be useful for saving space.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
───────────────── Memory Manager Procedures ─────────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── allocmem Allocate Memory
push size
call allocmem
; AX = pointer
This procedure allocates memory. If there was not a big
enough block of memory, -1 is returned, otherwise a
pointer to the block of memory is returned.
────────── freemem Free Memory
push ptr
call freemem
This procedure frees memory. If 'ptr' does not point to
a valid block, nothing happens. If free blocks abut the
block to be freed, they are coalesced.
────────── getmfree Get Free Memory
call getmfree
; AX = size of largest free block
This procedure returns the size of the largest free
block of memory. If there are no free blocks, 0 is
returned.
────────── faralloc Allocate Far Memory
push size
call faralloc
; AX = segment
This procedure allocates far memory. If there was not
a big enough block of memory, -1 is returned, otherwise
the segment of the memory block is returned. The size
must be specified in paragraphs (16 bytes each). This
calls the DOS allocate memory service.
────────── farfree Free Far Memory
push seg
call freemem
This procedure frees far memory. If 'seg' is not the
segment of a valid memory block, the results will be
undefined. If free blocks abut the block to be freed,
they are coalesced. This calls the DOS free memory
service.
────────── getfarfree Get Free Far Memory
call getfarfree
; AX = size of largest free block
This procedure returns the size of the largest free
block of far memory. If there are no free blocks, 0
is returned.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
───────────────── Put/Get String Procedures ─────────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── puts Put String
push offset string
call puts
This procedure writes a string to the screen. If the
STDOUT handle is redirected, this still works. The
string is output literally, using Int 29h.
────────── fputs Put String to File
push handle
push offset string
call fputs
This procedure writes a string to a file. If an error
occurs, -1 is returned, otherwise a nonzero value is
returned. The handle is a FREELIB handle, not a DOS
handle.
────────── xputs Put String, Generalized
push offset outfunc
push offset string
call xputs
This procedure outputs a string using a user-defined
function. The function must take one word argument,
the character to output, save all registers, and return
with a 'Ret 2' to clean up the stack.
────────── gets Get String
push offset buffer
push max
call gets
This procedure inputs a string from the keyboard. The
string of maximum 'max' chars will be put into 'buffer'.
Any excess characters will be discarded. This procedure
allows simple editing using the <BkSp> key.
────────── fgets Get String from File
push handle
push offset buffer
push max
call fgets
; AX = return code
This procedure reads a line from a file. The string of
maximum 'max' chars will be read into 'buffer'. The
line must end with a CR/LF pair. An entire line will be
input even if it exceeds 'max' characters. Any excess
will be discarded. The handle is a FREELIB handle, not
a DOS handle. If the end of file is reached, -1 is
returned, otherwise 0 is returned.
────────── xgets Get String, Generalized
push offset outfunc
push offset buffer
push max
push terminator
call xgets
This procedure reads a logical line using a user-defined
function. The function must take zero arguments and
return in AL the character input. No register except
AX may be changed. The value 'terminator' must be
returned on end of logical line. The string of maximum
'max' chars will be read into 'buffer'. An entire
logical line will be input even if it exceeds 'max'
characters. Any excess will be discarded.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
───────────── Formatted String Print Procedures ─────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── printf Print Formatted String
push offset fmtstr
push offset arglist
call printf
This procedure prints a formatted string to the screen.
It is similar to the 'printf()' in 'C'. In the format
string, the '%' character is special. The '%' character
can be followed by the following characters, which
indicate what type of argument to print:
%d Integer
%x Hex integer
%s String
%c Character
%ld Long integer
%lx Long hex integer
The parameter 'arglist' is a list of arguments, in
order. Their types are taken from the format string.
If the wrong type is specified in the format string,
printf has no way of knowing, so the results will be
unpredictable.
Example of using printf:
;──────────────────────────────────────
...
FmtStr db '%d %s %c %lx',0
ArgList dw 15600
db 'This is a string',0
db 'X'
dd 1A2B3C4Dh
...
push offset FmtStr
push offset ArgList
call printf
...
;──────────────────────────────────────
This example will output '15600 This is a string X 1A2B3C4D'.
────────── fprintf Print Formatted String to File
push handle
push offset fmtstr
push offset arglist
call printf
This procedure prints a formatted string to a file. It
works the same way printf does. See 'printf' for more
information.
────────── sprintf Print Formatted String to String
push offset dest_str
push offset fmtstr
push offset arglist
call printf
This procedure prints a formatted string to a string.
The string output will be null terminated. This
procedure works the same way printf does. See 'printf'
for more information.
────────── xprintf Print Formatted String, Generalized
push offset outfunc
push offset fmtstr
push offset arglist
call printf
This procedure prints a formatted string using a user
defined function. The function must take one word
argument, the character to output, save all registers,
and return with a 'Ret 2' to clean up the stack. This
procedure works the same way printf does. See 'printf'
for more information.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
──────────── Alphanumeric Conversion Procedures ─────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── atoi Convert String to Integer
push offset string
call atoi
; AX = result
This procedure converts a string to an integer. It
recognizes the '-' and '+' signs, but it will stop on
any other non-digit. The integer corresponding to the
string is returned. If the result overflows, the low
16 bits of the result are returned.
────────── atol Convert String to Long
push offset string
call atol
; DX:AX = result
This procedure converts a string to a long integer.
It recognizes the '-' and '+' signs, but it will stop on
any other non-digit. The long integer corresponding to
the string is returned. If the result overflows, the
low 32 bits of the result are returned.
────────── itoa Convert Integer to String
push number
push offset buffer
call itoa
This procedure converts an integer to a string. On
return, 'buffer' will contain the decimal representation
of 'number'. The string will be null terminated. If
the number is negative, this will be handled correctly.
────────── ltoa Convert Long to String
push num_hi
push num_lo
push offset buffer
call ltoa
This procedure converts a long integer to a string. On
return, 'buffer' will contain the decimal representation
of the number. The string will be null terminated. If
the number is negative, this will be handled correctly.
────────── atofix Convert String to Fixed-Point
push offset string
call atofix
; DX:AX = result
This procedure converts a string to a fixed-point
number. Itrecognizes the '-' and '+' signs and the
decimal point, but it will stop on any other non-digit.
The fixed-point number corresponding to the string is
returned. If the result overflows, the value returned
will have the correct fractional part, and the integer
part will be the low 16 bits of the true value.
────────── fixtoa Convert Fixed-Point to String
push num_hi
push num_lo
push offset buffer
call fixtoa
This procedure converts a fixed-point number to a
string. On return, 'buffer' will contain the decimal
representation of the number. The string will be null
terminated. If the number is negative, this will be
handled correctly. Fractions will also be handled
correctly.
────────── roman Convert Integer to Roman Numerals
push number
push offset buffer
call roman
This procedure converts an integer to Roman Numerals.
On return, 'buffer' will contain the Roman Numeral
representation of 'number'. The string will be null
terminated. If the number is negative or zero, a null
string will be output.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────── Long Integer/Fixed Point Arithmetic Procedures ───────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── ldiv Long Divide
push num1_hi
push num1_lo
push num2_hi
push num2_lo
call ldiv
; DX:AX = result
This procedure divides unsigned long integers.
It divides 'num1' by 'num2'.
────────── lidiv Long Divide, Signed
push num1_hi
push num1_lo
push num2_hi
push num2_lo
call lidiv
; DX:AX = result
This procedure divides signed long integers.
It divides 'num1' by 'num2'.
────────── lmul Long Multiply
push num1_hi
push num1_lo
push num2_hi
push num2_lo
call lmul
; DX:AX = result
This procedure multiplies unsigned long integers.
It takes 70 clock ticks on a 486, including the
call/return but not the argument pushes.
────────── limul Long Multiply, Signed
push num1_hi
push num1_lo
push num2_hi
push num2_lo
call limul
; DX:AX = result
This procedure multiplies signed long integers.
It takes 89-97 clock ticks on a 486, including the
call/return but not the argument pushes.
────────── lmod Long Modulo
push num1_hi
push num1_lo
push num2_hi
push num2_lo
call lmod
; DX:AX = result
This procedure does the modulo operation on unsigned
long integers. It divides 'num1' by 'num2' and returns
the remainder.
────────── limod Long Modulo, Signed
push num1_hi
push num1_lo
push num2_hi
push num2_lo
call limod
; DX:AX = result
This procedure does the modulo operation on signed long
integers. It divides 'num1' by 'num2' and returns the
remainder.
────────── lshl Long Shift Left
push num_hi
push num_lo
push dist
call lshl
; DX:AX = result
This procedure shifts a long integer to the left.
It shifts 'num' by 'dist', and takes 37 clock
ticks on a 486, including the call/return but not
the argument pushes.
────────── lshr Long Shift Right
push num_hi
push num_lo
push dist
call lshr
; DX:AX = result
This procedure shifts an unsigned long integer to the
right. It shifts 'num' by 'dist', and takes 37 clock
ticks on a 486, including the call/return but not
the argument pushes.
────────── lsar Long Shift Right, Signed
push num_hi
push num_lo
push dist
call lsar
; DX:AX = result
This procedure shifts a signed long integer to the
right. It shifts 'num' by 'dist', and takes 39 clock
ticks on a 486, including the call/return but not
the argument pushes.
────────── fixmul Fixed-Point Multiply
push num1_hi
push num1_lo
push num2_hi
push num2_lo
call fixmul
; DX:AX = result
This procedure multiplies fixed-point numbers.
It takes 101-109 clock ticks on a 486, including
the call/return but not the argument pushes.
────────── fixdiv Fixed-Point Divide
push num1_hi
push num1_lo
push num2_hi
push num2_lo
call fixdiv
; DX:AX = result
This procedure divides fixed-point numbers.
It divides 'num1' by 'num2'.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
───────────────── Trigonometric Procedures ──────────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── sine Sine
push num_hi
push num_lo
call sine
; DX:AX = result
This procedure calculates the trigonometric sine of
'num'. It operates on fixed-point numbers. The input
value should be in radians.
────────── cosine Cosine
push num_hi
push num_lo
call cosine
; DX:AX = result
This procedure calculates the trigonometric cosine of
'num'. It operates on fixed-point numbers. The input
value should be in radians.
────────── tangent Tangent
push num_hi
push num_lo
call tangent
; DX:AX = result
This procedure calculates the trigonometric tangent of
'num'. It operates on fixed-point numbers. The input
value should be in radians.
────────── cotangent Cotangent
push num_hi
push num_lo
call cotangent
; DX:AX = result
This procedure calculates the trigonometric cotangent of
'num'. It operates on fixed-point numbers. The input
value should be in radians.
────────── secant Secant
push num_hi
push num_lo
call secant
; DX:AX = result
This procedure calculates the trigonometric secant of
'num'. It operates on fixed-point numbers. The input
value should be in radians.
────────── cosecant Cosecant
push num_hi
push num_lo
call cosecant
; DX:AX = result
This procedure calculates the trigonometric cosecant of
'num'. It operates on fixed-point numbers. The input
value should be in radians.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
───────────────────── String Procedures ─────────────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── strlen String Length
push offset string
call strlen
; AX = length
This procedure returns the length of a string, not
including the null terminator.
────────── strcpy Copy String
push offset dest_str
push offset src_str
call strcpy
This procedure copies 'src_str' to 'dest_str', including
the null terminator. There is no checking to see if the
string fits, so be careful.
────────── strcat Concatenate Strings
push offset dest_str
push offset src_str
call strcat
This procedure concatenates 'src_str' onto 'dest_str',
including the null terminator. There is no checking to
see if the string fits, so be careful.
────────── strcmp Compare Strings
push offset string1
push offset string2
call strcmp
; AX = return value
This procedure compares 'string1' and 'string2'. If
'string2' is lexicographically greater, a negative value
is returned. If 'string1' is greater, a positive value
is returned. If they are equal, zero is returned.
────────── stricmp Compare Strings, Case Insensitive
push offset string1
push offset string2
call stricmp
; AX = return value
This procedure compares 'string1' and 'string2'. If
'string2' is lexicographically greater, a negative value
is returned. If 'string1' is greater, a positive value
is returned. If they are equal, zero is returned. This
procedure differs from strcmp in that the compare is
case insensitive.
────────── strchr Search String for Char
push offset string
push char
call strchr
; AX = return value
This procedure searches for 'char' in 'string'. If the
character is not found, -1 is returned, otherwise the
position of the character in the string is returned.
────────── strstr Search String for Substring
push offset string
push offset substr
call strchr
; AX = return value
This procedure searches for 'substr' in 'string'. If
the substring is not found, -1 is returned, otherwise
the position of the substring in the main string is
returned.
────────── strlwr Convert String to Lowercase
push offset string
call strlwr
This procedure converts a string to lowercase. Any
character in the string that is already lowercase or
that is not a letter will not be affected.
────────── strupr Convert String to Uppercase
push offset string
call strupr
This procedure converts a string to uppercase. Any
character in the string that is already uppercase or
that is not a letter will not be affected.
────────── strltrim Trim Leading Spaces
push offset string
call strltrim
This procedure trims leading spaces from a string. If
there are no leading spaces, nothing happens.
────────── strrtrim Trim Trailing Spaces
push offset string
call strrtrim
This procedure trims trailing spaces from a string. If
there are no trailing spaces, nothing happens.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────────────── Memory Block Procedures ──────────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── memcpy Copy Memory Block
push dest_offset
push src_offset
push length
call memcpy
This procedure copies a block of memory from
'src_offset' to 'dest_offset'. The block is of length
'length'. This procedure will work correctly if the
blocks overlap.
────────── memset Set Memory Block
push mem_offset
push length
push byte
call memset
This procedure fills a block of memory of length
'length' at 'mem_offset' with 'byte'.
────────── memcmp Compare Memory Blocks
push dest_offset
push src_offset
push length
call memcmp
; AX = return code
This procedure compares two blocks of memory at offsets
'src_offset' and 'dest_offset'. The blocks are of
length 'length'. If they are equal, 1 is returned,
otherwise 0 is returned.
────────── memchr Search Memory Block
push mem_offset
push length
push byte
call memchr
This procedure searches a block of memory of length
'length' at 'src_offset' for 'byte'. If the byte is
found, its position within the block is returned,
otherwise -1 is returned.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
──────────────── Search and Sort Procedures ─────────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── isearch Search Array of Integers
push offset array
push size
push elem
call isearch
; AX = return code
This procedure searches an array of integers of size
'size' for 'elem'. This procedure assumes that the
array is sorted. If the element is found, its position
in the array is returned, otherwise -1 is returned.
────────── lsearch Search Array of Longs
push offset array
push size
push elem_hi
push elem_lo
call lsearch
; AX = return code
This procedure searches an array of long integers of
size 'size' for 'elem'. This procedure assumes that the
array is sorted. If the element is found, its position
in the array is returned, otherwise -1 is returned.
────────── ssearch Search Array of Strings
push offset array
push size
push offset elem
call ssearch
; AX = return code
This procedure searches an array of strings of size
'size' for 'elem'. This procedure assumes that the
array is sorted. If the element is found, its position
in the array is returned, otherwise -1 is returned.
────────── xsearch Search Array, Generalized
push offset array
push size
push offset elem
push offset cmpfunc
call xsearch
; AX = return code
This procedure searches an array of pointers of size
'size' for 'elem'. It assumes that the array is sorted.
If the element is found, its position in the array is
returned, otherwise -1 is returned.
This procedure uses a user-defined function. The
function must take two word-sized pointer arguments.
It must return the result of the comparison in AX so
that a negative value indicates less, a positive value
indicates greater, and zero indicates equal, and it
also should preserve all registers except for AX.
────────── isort Sort Array of Integers
push offset array
push size
call isort
This procedure sorts an array of integers of size
'size' in ascending order.
────────── lsort Sort Array of Longs
push offset array
push size
call lsort
This procedure sorts an array of long integers of size
'size' in ascending order.
────────── ssort Sort Array of Strings
push offset array
push size
call ssort
This procedure sorts an array of strings of size
'size' in alphabetical order.
────────── xsort Sort Array, Generalized
push offset array
push size
push offset cmpfunc
call xsort
This procedure sorts an array of pointers of size
'size'. This is the generalized sort procedure.
This procedure uses a user-defined function. The
function must take two word-sized pointer arguments.
It must return the result of the comparison in AX so
that a negative value indicates less, a positive value
indicates greater, and zero indicates equal, and it
also should preserve all registers except for AX.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
───────────────── Miscellaneous Procedures ──────────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── cputype Get CPU Type
call cputype
; AX = CPU type
This procedure returns the CPU type (0 = 8086, 1 = 186,
etc.) It cannot detect SX/DX variations.
────────── fputype Get FPU Type
call fputype
; AX = FPU type
This procedure returns the FPU type (0 = 8087, 1 = 187,
etc.) If there is no FPU, -1 is returned.
────────── crc16 16-Bit CRC
push offset buf
push count
call crc16
; AX = CRC16 value
This procedure returns the CRC16 checksum of the block
of memory at 'buf' of length 'count'.
────────── crc32 32-Bit CRC
push offset buf
push count
call crc32
; DX:AX = CRC32 value
This procedure returns the CRC32 checksum of the block
of memory at 'buf' of length 'count'.
────────── atexit Register Exit Function
push offset func
call atexit
This procedure registers a function for calling on exit.
If an error occurs, 0 is returned, otherwise a nonzero
value is returned.
────────── bitcnt Count Bits
push number
call bitcnt
; AX = number of set bits
This procedure returns the number of set bits in an
integer.
────────── highbit Find High Bit
push number
call highbit
; AX = highest bit
This procedure returns the positon of the highest set
bit in an integer. -1 is returned if it is zero.
────────── sqrt Square Root
push num_hi
push num_lo
call sqrt
; AX = result
This procedure returns the square root of a long
integer. The result is a normal integer. This
procedure treats all values as unsigned.
────────── exec Execute Program
push offset progname
push offset cmdline
call exec
; AX = return code
This procedure executes another program as a child
process, with arguments in 'cmdline'. If an error
occurs, 0 is returned, otherwise a nonzero value
is returned.
────────── rand Random Number
push max
call rand
; AX = result
This procedure returns a random number below 'max'.
────────── srand Seed Random Numbers
call srand
This procedure seeds the random number generator with
the system clock.
────────── truerand True Random Number
push max
call truerand
; AX = result
This procedure returns a true random number below 'max'.
This is not a pseudo-random RNG. This procedure reads
random bits of the system timer to generate the numbers,
so the number is truly random. This procedure has been
tested for randomness by exhaustively analyzing 140 MB
of random data.
However, this routine is extremely slow. It generates
only about 760 random numbers per second on a 486DX2/66.
────────── delay Delay
push delaytime
call delay
This procedure delays for a specified number of
milliseconds before returning.
────────── sound Set Speaker
push freq
call sound
This procedure turns on the speaker at a specified
frequency.
────────── nosound Turn Speaker Off
call nosound
This procedure turns the speaker off.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─────────── High-Res Text Mode (90x34) Procedures ───────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── inittext Initialize Text System
call inittext
This procedure initializes the High-Res Text Mode.
────────── closetext Close Text System
call closetext
This procedure closes the High-Res Text system, and
sets the standard text mode.
────────── clrscr Clear Screen
call clrscr
This procedure clears the screen on the current video
page.
────────── setwin Set Window
push x1 y1
push x2 y2
push rel_flag
call setwin
This procedure sets the clipping window. 'rel_flag'
indicates whether coordinates will be relative to the
window or not.
────────── clrwin Clear Window
call clrwin
This procedure clears the current window.
────────── setpage Set Video Page
push page_num
call setpage
This procedure sets the current video page. The page
number must be between 0 and 5 (there are six pages).
────────── getpage Get Video Page
call getpage
; AX = current page
This procedure returns the current video page.
────────── setcolor Set Color
push color
call setcolor
This procedure sets the current text color. The color
is a byte, 0XYh, where X is the background color and Y
is the foreground color.
────────── getcolor Get Color
call getcolor
; AX = current color
This procedure returns the current text color.
────────── box Draw Box
push x1 y1
push x2 y2
push char
call box
This procedure draws a box with character 'char'. The
box is clipped to the current window.
────────── sbox Draw Style Box
push x1 y1
push x2 y2
push style
call sbox
This procedure draws a style box. The box is clipped
to the current window. Here is the list of styles:
0 Blank
1 Single Line
2 Double Line
3 Single/Double
4 Double/Single
────────── fbox Draw Filled Box
push x1 y1
push x2 y2
push char
call fbox
This procedure draws a filled box with character 'char'.
The box is clipped to the current window.
────────── hline Draw Horizontal Line
push x1 x2
push y
push char
call hline
This procedure draws a horizontal line with character
'char'. The line is clipped to the current window.
────────── vline Draw Vertical Line
push y1 y2
push x
push char
call vline
This procedure draws a vertical line with character
'char'. The line is clipped to the current window.
────────── hsline Draw Horizontal Style Line
push x1 x2
push y
push style
call hsline
This procedure draws a horizontal style line. The line
is clipped to the current window. See the description
for 'sbox' for a list of the styles.
────────── vsline Draw Vertical Style Line
push y1 y2
push x
push style
call vsline
This procedure draws a horizontal style line. The line
is clipped to the current window. See the description
for 'sbox' for a list of the styles.
────────── gotoxy Set Cursor Position
push x y
call gotoxy
This procedure sets the position of the cursor. It is
clipped to the current window.
────────── getx Get Cursor X
call getx
; AX = current X position
This procedure returns the X position of the cursor. If
the window relative flag is set, the position will be
relative to the current window.
────────── gety Get Cursor Y
call gety
; AX = current Y position
This procedure returns the Y position of the cursor. If
the window relative flag is set, the position will be
relative to the current window.
────────── setctype Set Cursor Type
push cur_type
call setctype
This procedure sets the type of the cursor. The format
is: 0XXYYh, where XX is the starting line (0-13) and YY
is the ending line (0-13).
────────── getctype Get Cursor Type
call getctype
; AX = cursor type
This procedure returns the current cursor type. The
format is: 0XXYYh, where XX is the starting line (0-13)
and YY is the ending line (0-13).
────────── setch Set Character
push x y
push char
call setch
This procedure sets the character at (x, y) to 'char'.
The output is clipped to the current window.
────────── setat Set Attribute
push x y
push attr
call setat
This procedure sets the attribute at (x, y) to 'attr'.
The output is clipped to the current window.
────────── setcha Set Char & Attr.
push x y
push char
push attr
call setcha
This procedure sets the character at (x, y) to 'char',
and the attribute to 'attr'. The output is clipped to
the current window.
────────── readcha Read Char & Attr.
push x y
call readcha
; AL = char, AH = attr
This procedure returns the character and attribute
at (x, y).
────────── tputs Put String at (X, Y)
push x y
push offset string
call tputs
This procedure prints 'string' at (x, y). Output is
clipped to the current window. Output will not wrap
around lines. Control characters will be displayed
literally.
────────── tprintf Print Formatted String at (X, Y)
push x y
push offset fmtstr
push offset arglist
call tprintf
This procedure prints a formatted string at (x, y).
It is equivalent to a 'sprintf' followed by 'tputs'.
See 'sprintf' and 'tputs' for more information.
────────── getline Get Line of Text
push x y
push offset buffer
push min
push max
call getline
This procedure inputs a line of text from the user.
A field is drawn at (x, y) extending for (max - 1)
characters, and the string is input there. Full
editing, i.e. insert/delete, etc., is supported.
A string of minimum 'min' and maximum (max - 1)
characters will be put into 'buffer'.
────────── setglchar Set Char for 'getline'
push char
call setglchar
This sets the character used to clear the input field in
'getline'. The default value is a space (20h). Another
useful value is the small bullet (0FAh).
────────── gettext Get Block of Text
push offset buffer
push x1 y1
push x2 y2
call gettext
This procedure captures a rectangular block of text into
'buffer'. No clipping is performed.
────────── puttext Put Block of Text
push offset buffer
push x1 y1
call puttext
This procedure displays a rectangular block of text from
'buffer' at (x1, y1). Output is clipped to the current
window.
────────── movetext Move Block of Text
push x1 y1
push x2 y2
push x y
call movetext
This procedure moves a rectangular block of text from
(x1, y1)-(x2, y2) to (x, y). If the blocks overlap,
it will be handled correctly. No clipping is performed
and the window relative flag is ignored.
────────── delline Delete Line
push y
call delline
This procedure deletes a line (at 'y') from the current
window. All text below the line is scrolled up, and the
bottom line is cleared.
────────── insline Insert Line
push y
call insline
This procedure inserts a line (at 'y') from the current
window. All text below the line is scrolled down, and
the inserted line is cleared.
────────── scroll Scroll Window
push dir
call scroll
This procedure scrolls the current window. The values
for the direction 'dir' are:
0 Scroll Up
1 Scroll Down
2 Scroll Left
3 Scroll Right
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
──────── High-Res Text Mode (90x34) Mouse Procedures ────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── minit Initialize Mouse System
call minit
; AX = return code
This procedure initializes the High-Res Text Mode
Mouse Driver. If an error occurs or the mouse is
not found, 0 is returned, otherwise a nonzero value
is returned.
────────── mclose Close Mouse System
call mclose
This procedure closes the mouse system.
────────── mshow Show Mouse Cursor
call mshow
This procedure displays the mouse cursor on the screen.
────────── mhide Hide Mouse Cursor
call mhide
This procedure hides the mouse cursor.
────────── mget Get Mouse Position
call mget
; AX = button status
; BX = mouse X position
; CX = mouse Y position
This procedure returns the position and status of the
mouse. The format for the button status is:
Bit Meaning
0 Left button
1 Right button
2 Middle button
────────── mgetdn Get Mouse Presses
push button
call mgetdn
; AX = press count
; BX = X position at last press
; CX = Y position at last press
This procedure returns the status of a particular mouse
button, for presses. The button values are as follows:
0 Left button
1 Right button
2 Middle button
────────── mgetup Get Mouse Releases
push button
call mgetup
; AX = release count
; BX = X position at last release
; CX = Y position at last release
This procedure returns the status of a particular mouse
button, for releases. See 'mgetup' for button values.
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
──────────── Integrated VGA Graphics Procedures ─────────────
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
────────── initgraph Initialize Graphics System
push mode
call initgraph
This procedure initializes the graphics system. 'mode'
can be 0, 1, or 2, as follows:
0 320x200x256 VGA lo-res graphics
1 640x480x16 VGA hi-res graphics
2 320x400x256 VGA med-res graphics
────────── closegraph Close Graphics System
This procedure closes the graphics system, and returns
to the standard text mode.
────────── setgwin Set Graphics Window
push x1 y1
push x2 y2
call setgwin
This procedure sets the graphics clipping window.
────────── cls Clear Graphics Screen
call cls
This procedure clears the screen in graphics mode.
────────── clrgwin Clear Graphics Window
call clrgwin
This procedure clears the current graphics window (using
the current drawing color).
────────── setgcolor Set Drawing Color
push color
call setgcolor
This procedure sets the current drawing color.
────────── getgcolor Get Drawing Color
call getgcolor
; AX = current color
This procedure returns the current drawing color.
────────── putpix Put Pixel
push x y
call putpix
This procedure puts a pixel at (x, y) in the current
drawing color. Output is clipped to the current window.
────────── getpix Get Pixel
push x y
call getpix
; AX = color at (x, y)
This procedure returns the color of the pixel at (x, y).
────────── putrow Put Row of Pixels
push x1 x2 y
call putrow
This procedure puts a row of pixels (basically like a
horizontal line) from (x1, y) to (x2, y), in the current
drawing color.
────────── line Draw Line
push x1 y1
push x2 y2
call line
This procedure draws a line from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2) in
the current drawing color. Output is clipped to the
current window.
────────── rect Draw Rectangle
push x1 y1
push x2 y2
call rect
This procedure draws a rectangle from (x1, y1) to
(x2, y2) in the current drawing color. Output is
clipped to the current window.
────────── frect Draw Filled Rectangle
push x1 y1
push x2 y2
call frect
This procedure draws a filled rectangle from (x1, y1)
to (x2, y2) in the current drawing color. Output is
clipped to the current window.
────────── outstr Output String
push x y
push offset string
call outstr
This procedure prints 'string' on the screen, starting
at (x, y). Output is clipped to the current window.
────────── getimage Get Image
push offset buffer
push x1 y1
push x2 y2
call getimage
This procedure captures a rectangular block of pixels
into 'buffer'. No clipping is performed.
────────── putimage Put Image
push offset buffer
push x1 y1
call putimage
This procedure displays a rectangular block of pixels
from 'buffer' at (x1, y1). Output is clipped to the
current window.
────────── circle Draw Circle
push x y rad
call circle
This procedure draws a circle with center (x, y) and
radius 'rad'. Output is clipped to the current window.
The radius specifies the Y radius. The actual X radius
may be different to compensate for the aspect ratio.
────────── ellipse Draw Ellipse
push x y xr yr
call ellipse
This procedure draws an ellipse with center (x, y) and
radii 'xr' and 'yr'. Output is clipped to the current
window.
────────── fcircle Draw Filled Circle
push x y rad
call fcircle
This procedure draws a filled circle with center (x, y)
and radius 'rad'. Output is clipped to the current
window.
The radius specifies the Y radius. The actual X radius
may be different to compensate for the aspect ratio.
────────── fellipse Draw Filled Ellipse
push x y xr yr
call fellipse
This procedure draws a filled ellipse with center (x, y)
and radii 'xr' and 'yr'. Output is clipped to the
current window.
────────── triangle Draw Triangle
push x1 y1
push x2 y2
push x3 y3
call triangle
This procedure draws a filled triangle with corners at
(x1, y1), (x2, y2), and (x3, y3). Output is clipped to
the current window.
7. List of contributors (credits).
Author: Tenie Remmel.
Major contributors:
Tylisha C. Andersen -- VGA graphics library
Minor contributors:
Russell Leidich -- algorithm in 'truerand'
Mark J. Restifo -- found redirection bug
David Deganchi -- suggested fix for fgetc bug
8. History of changes.
────────── Version 1.1 Bug Fixes
A bug in the 'STDIO' output was fixed. It used Int 29h,
which does not allow redirection. Int 21h is being used
instead. This was pointed out by Mark J. Restifo.
The documentation did not describe the increased-variety
colorset used in High-Res Text Mode. A list of colors
has been added.
The random number code had a lot of problems. Fixed.
The procedure 'allocmem' would not allocate the largest
block as returned from 'getmfree'. Fixed.
The procedure 'fgets' would crash, because it pushed the
wrong number of arguments in calling 'fgetc'. Fixed.
If a file read crossed a buffer boundary, and writes had
occurred to the buffer, the buffer would be discarded.
This was due to the fgetc bug. Fixed.
────────── Version 1.1 Additions
A set of integrated graphics procedures (using VGA) was
added. They use the 320x200x256, 320x400x256, and the
640x480x16 modes. The graphics procedures were written
by Tylisha C. Andersen.
Many of the routines now have an 80386 version. These
are in the files '386LIB?.ASX'. And yes, they have been
optimized for the 80386, not just translated to 32-bit.
Several example programs have been added. See section
10 for more information.
Another file access mode (mode 4) has been added. This
mode fails if the file exists. This is useful when the
file must not already exist, for example using multiple
temporary files. Also, the file routines were optimized
and fixed up (i.e. fixed the fgetc bug). The speed of
the file read routines has been doubled.
────────── Version 2.0 Additions
Bit-oriented file procedures were added. These can be
useful for compression and encryption programs. Now can
anyone contribute some compression routines?
A true random number procedure has been added. This is
not a pseudo-random RNG, this one works by reading timer
countdown bits. See the reference entry 'truerand' for
more information.
CRC routines have been added for both 16 and 32-bit CRC
values. These routines are not table based.
DOS version checking has been added. Now, the startup
code checks to make sure DOS v4.0 is running.
Trigonometric procedures (sine, cosine, etc.) have been
added. These work on fixed-point numbers. The method
used is Taylor-series (slow, but very accurate).
9. Future additions, bug reporting, etc.
Bugs may be reported to the author at: tjr19@mail.nwlink.com.
In the future, a set of wrapper procedures for calling
some of the FREELIB routines from 'C' may be provided.
This is a list of the routines wanted for future addition:
(1) EMS/XMS/Disk virtual memory manager. Should be
transparent as to which medium is being used.
(2) VGA graphics mode mouse routines to go with the VGA
graphics code. (16 AND 256 color mode)
(3) General data compression: deflate, etc.
(4) Low-level disk routines (read/write sector, format
floppy).
(5) Routines to read and write configuration data from
the program's executable file.
(6) Inter-procedure jumps, like the 'C' setjmp()/longjmp().
(7) Sound card interface routines.
(8) Indefinite long arithmetic, 256 bytes at least.
(9) Process management and multitasking.
(10) Anything else that might be useful!!!
10. Description of examples.
Several example programs have been provided to demonstrate
the capabilities of FREELIB:
3XP1 Solves 3X+1 problem. Demonstrates long integer
arithmetic and numeric output.
BIN2HEX Binary to hexadecimal filter.
GRTEST Simple demo of graphics system, random numbers.
HEX2BIN Hexadecimal to binary filter.
SHOWGY Program to display *.GY files (16K grayscale).
Does resolution enhancement to 320x200. Two of
these files are included (FACE.GY, ROSE.GY).
SQUASH Simple executable file compressor, but it only
works with .COM files.
VIEW File viewer. Demonstrates Hi-Res Text Mode and
the buffered file-access facilities. Also uses
memory allocation.
ZE, ZD UUencode replacement, expands files by only 26%
instead of 40% like UUencode does. ZE encodes,
and ZD decodes.
These files can be found in the directory 'PROGS'. To assemble
the example programs, a batch file (REDO_EX.BAT) is provided.
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